Bacterial adherence assay The bacterial adherence assay was performed as described previously Animal experiments The animal experiments were performed as described previously 10 , Results In vitro effect of eugenol on the cariogenic properties of S. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Inhibitory effects of eugenol on dental caries development in rats In the animal experiment, the rats remained in good health and gained weight during the 5 weeks of the study.
Table I Effects of eugenol on oral microbiota in rats after a 5-week experiment. Table II Effects of treatments on dental caries development smooth surface and severity in rats. Table III Effects of treatments on dental caries development sulcal surface and severity in rats. Discussion Despite advances in the development and improvement of anti-caries chemotherapy, conventional therapeutic strategies often fall short of the goal of controlling dental caries progression.
References 1. Loesche WJ. Role of Streptococcus mutans in human dental decay. Microbiol Rev. Hamada S, Slade HD. Biology, immunology, and cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans. Adaptation of Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus hirae to acid stress in continuous culture. Appl Environ Microbiol. Activity and mechanisms of action of selected biocidal agents on Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. J Appl Microbiol. Study of anticandidal activity of carvacrol and eugenol in vitro and in vivo.
Oral Microbiol Immunol. Eugenol reverses mechanical allodynia after peripheral nerve injury by inhibiting hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated HCN channels. Frisch J, Bhaskar SN. Tissue response to eugenol-containing periodontal dressings. J Periodontol. The inhibition of eugenol on glucan is essential for the biofilm eradication effect on caries-related biofilm in an artificial mouth model. Nat Prod Res. Inhibitory effects of oolong tea extract on caries-inducing properties of mutans streptococci.
Caries Res. Influence of desalivation in rats on incidence of caries in intact cagemates. J Dent Res. Effects of apigenin and tt-farnesol on glucosyltransferase activity, biofilm viability and caries development in rats. Effects of exogenous insoluble glucan primer on insoluble glucan synthesis by Streptococcus mutans.
Harvey A. Strategies for discovering drugs from previously unexplored natural products. Drug Discov Today. Kuramitsu HK. Virulence factors of mutans streptococci: role of molecular genetics. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med.
Westergren G, Olsson J. Hydrophobicity and adherence of oral streptococci after repeated subculture in vitro. Infect Immun. Glucans synthesized in situ in experimental salivary pellicle function as specific binding sites for Streptococcus mutans. Enhancing the virulence of Streptococcus sobrinus in rats. Li M, Liu Z. In vitro effect of Chinese herb extracts on caries-related bacteria and glucan.
J Vet Dent. Role of the Streptococcus mutans gtf genes in caries induction in the specific-pathogen-free rat model. Exopolysaccharides produced by Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferases modulate the establishment of microcolonies within multispecies biofilms.
J Bacteriol. Articles from Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine are provided here courtesy of Spandidos Publications. Add the remainder of the powder, folding in. The final mixture should be putty-like; it should be tacky but malleable, and stiff enough to be properly condensed when placed. Place the cement. For a Class II preparation, place a wedge in the interproximal space; the wedge serves to protect the interdental papilla and keeps it from coming in contact with the cement.
A matrix band may also be necessary in situations in which a significant amount of tooth structure or an entire cusp has been removed. Use the condenser to pick up a piece of the cement and place it into the prepared cavity. If the cement sticks to the instrument, place the instrument into the powder and reapply it to adequately condense the cement into the cavity.
Place the cement in increments and lightly condense, until the entire cavity is filled. List of Partners vendors. Toothaches can be distressing, particularly if you can't get to the dentist's office immediately.
While some people will reach for an over-the-counter topical anesthetic like Orajel or Anbesol, others will head to the health food store for a bottle of clove oil —a natural remedy used for centuries to treat tooth pain. While it is safe when used correctly and may provide you with relief, there are limitations to its use and things you should know before using it or any therapeutic oil. Popular in Ayurvedic medicine and traditional Chinese medicine , cloves were once inserted whole into an infected cavity or applied as a topical extract to relieve pain and inflammation.
By the early 19th century, the active ingredient, Eugenium aromaticum, was combined with magnesium oxide to create a temporary filling material. The magnesium oxide has since been replaced by zinc oxide to produce zinc oxide eugenol ZOE , a temporary filling cement still popularly used in dentistry and endodontics.
Cloves are dried flower buds taken from a tree of the Myrtaceae family. The oil is usually extracted through steam distillation; other producers rely on chemical solvents and boiling to obtain the prized oil. Eugenol is the chemical that gives clove its spicy scent and pungent flavor. When applied to tissues, it creates a warming sensation that Chinese herbalists believe treat yang deficiencies.
Clove oil works similarly to capsicum in peppers by stimulating the production of a protein known as trans receptor potential vanilloid-1 TRPV-1 which, in turn, desensitizes nerve endings near the surface of the skin. It also exerts potent antibacterial properties that can aid in healing and prevent infection.
Clove oil, which can be colorless or have a slightly yellowish tinge, is often used in dentistry to treat pain from a dry socket following the extraction of a tooth. While there had been some suggestions that clove oil is just as effective as benzocaine in treating toothache, the U.
Food and Drug Administration FDA downgraded eugenol, citing that the evidence supporting its use was lacking. Clove oil should never be applied to the gums undiluted as it can cause irritation and may lead to toxicity. Instead, it is best diluted by adding two to three drops to a neutral carrier oil, such as olive oil or canola oil. The oil preparation can then be dabbed onto the affected tissue with a cotton ball or swab.
You can even keep the cotton ball in place for several minutes to increase absorption. Upon application, you should feel a slight warming sensation and a pungent, gunpowdery flavor. The numbing effect should be fully felt within five to 10 minutes. You can reapply every two to three hours as needed. If you have multiple areas of mouth pain following a dental procedure, you can add a few drops of clove oil to a teaspoon of coconut oil and swirl it in your mouth to coat.
Do not swallow. People have also been known to apply ground cloves directly to the gums, the taste of which most find off-putting. While clove oil is considered safe if used appropriately, it can become increasingly toxic if overused. The most common side effect is tissue irritation, which is characterized by pain, swelling, redness, and a burning rather than warming sensation. Do not persist with treatment as this may lead to the formation of oral lesions contact stomatitis.
Clove oil should never be ingested.
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